Increase in population and development of various industrial and agricultural activities, makes supply of enough water with appropriate quality an ever increasing difficult task. On the basis of various researches different types of hazardous and perhaps dangerous chemical substances have been observed in the water supply reservoirs of large cities. A large proportion of these chemical substances contain organic material. Drinking water of Tehran city is mainly from surface water which are treated in ordinary plants where no units are considered for removal of organic pollutants. Therefore, knowledge of the organic materials is necessary. In the present research, the inflow of the organic material to the treatment plant emphasizing on TOC and also percentage of its removal were measured separately from April to October. Considering the average concentration of the organic material on the plant outflow, changes are necessary in conventional water treatment plants. In majority of the treatment plants including present case, DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT is carried out before pre-chlorination. Therefore production of side materials from primary DISINFECTION is not impossible and solutions are suggested accordingly. Finally, the TOC in waste water resulted by wash out of the filters and raw water are compared.

Background: Hormones are chemical substances that can disrupt the processes and functions of the endocrine system in both humans and animals. The objective of this study is to examine the degradation of beta-estradiol 17 (E2) hormone through the ultrasound/ferrate process in aqueous solutions and the possibility of chloroform formation as a DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT. Methods: The experiments were conducted using a 250 mL glass container. An ultrasound device operating at frequencies between 24 kHz and 80 kHz, with a maximum power of 200 W, was used as the ultrasound source. Potassium ferrate was employed as the oxidizing agent. The effects of various operating parameters, including reaction time, pH, E2 hormone concentration, ferrate concentration, and ultrasound intensity, were evaluated. After the oxidation process, the sample underwent ultraviolet/chlorine radiation to examine the potential formation of chloroform as a DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT. Results: The results indicate that the ferrate-ultrasound system exhibited the highest pollutant removal efficiency, followed by ultrasound and ferrate individually. Specifically, the rates of removal were 0.123 min-1 for the ferrate-ultrasound system, 0.103 min-1 for ultrasound, and 0.0076 min-1 for ferrate. Furthermore, the optimal conditions for E2 hormone removal were found to be pH 3, a ferrate dose of 200 mg/L, an ultrasound frequency intensity of 80 kHz, and an E2 hormone concentration of 100 mg/L, resulting in 100% removal. The study also found that the highest amount of chloroform formed was associated with the ultrasound, ferrate, and ferrate-ultrasound systems, respectively. Additionally, the potential for chloroform formation was higher in ultraviolet/chlorine conditions compared to chlorine alone. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate the efficacy of the ultrasound-ferrate method in oxidizing E2 hormones and its potential to mitigate the formation of DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTs.

Each year, large amount of pistachio by-product (PBP) was produced after the processing of fresh pistachio. PBP has suitable nutritional value and is used as a feed stuff in animal nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the microbial contamination and concentration of aflatoxin in PBP in four areas in Kerman province (Kerman, Rafsanjan, Zarand, and Sirjan). The samples of PBP were collected from two types of processing system (traditional and industrial systems), three stage of pistachio harvesting (early, mid and late in the harvesting period), and three different intervals time of picking up the skin (1-2 hours, 5-6 hours and ≥13 hours). All samples were dried under the sun and then were milled. All of the samples were cultured in a sterile culture and total mould, Aspergillus moulds and Coliform, and E. coli bacteria were counted. The concentration of total aflatoxin was measured by HPLC via extraction. Results showed that the means of microbial population of total moulds, Aspergillus moulds and Coliforms, and E.coli bacteria count were 21000, 3892, 3094 and 1.1 CFU/g, respectively, that were below a critical level to interfere in animal nutrition. Although microbial population were different in sampling area (P<0.05) and moulds population were different between the traditional and industrial processing terminals (P<0.05). Although there was a difference in sampling area (P<0.01), but the concentration of aflatoxin was 0.9 ppb in PBP samples which was below the critical level for livestock feed staffs. It was concluded that the producing PBP in Kerman province was not too much contaminated with microbes and the concentration of aflatoxin was less than the limit standard levels in feeds.

The goal of the present study was to determine the true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn) content, chemical compositions of the poultry by – product meal (PBPM), the relationship between their chemical compounds and TMEn in adult roosters. To examine the nutritional values of PBPM, a total of 30 fresh samples were collected from different slaughterhouses in the country. For TMEn estimation, each sample (25 g) was used to force feed to the 4 birds raised in individual metabolic cages. Dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude fat (EE), crude protein (CP), ash and total volatile nitrogen (TVN) were measured according to standard methods. Average values for DM, EE, ash, CP, TVN and TMEn were obtained as 90. 05%, 22. 10%, 7. 50%, 60. 30%, 220 mgN/100g, and 3907 kcal/kg, respectively. There was a positive correlation between TMEn and EE, while the correlation between ash and TMEn was negative. Compared with EE and ash, the CP was less correlated (P<0. 05) with TMEn, while the TVN had no significant effect. The determined values of chemical composition and TMEn were used in fitting the simple regression equations, which can be in practice used to predict energy contents of PBPM samples in factory and production farms.

After water purification and softening, a lot of calcium carbonate with other impurities produce and these BYPRODUCTs gather and bury as mineral sludge. In this research, The quality of calcium carbonate from water softening process in mazandran wood and paper industry (MWPI) mill and effects of loading of this BYPRODUCT on fine paper production was investigated and the results were compared with other industrial fillers like grounded calcium carbonate (GCC) and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and also china clay (kaolin). From the paper structural viewpoint, the fine paper that filled with water softening calcium carbonate (derived after water softening process) have more bulk (bulkier) and more porous and rougher surface compare to fine papers that filled with the common industrial fillers. From the paper strength properties viewpoint, the fine paper that filled with water softening calcium carbonate have less decrease in tensile and burst strength but have not suitable tear strength properties. From the paper optical properties viewpoint, the fine paper that filled with water softening calcium carbonate, because of particles size and impurities of this filler have the least light scattering coefficient and consequently have less brightness and opacity. Adding of 10 and 20 percent precipitated calcium carbonate to by water softening calcium carbonate cause paper porosity and strength decreasing but the optical properties of hand sheets was increased.

Bio-based polyurethanes (PU) prepared through green routes using technical cashew nut shell liquid (TechCNSL) for anti-corrosive application could protect infrastructures and addresses environmental concerns. The synthesis was carried out in situ by an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction of TechCNSL and formaldehyde (F) at 120 °, C. The final structure was obtained through addition polymerization of TechCNSL-F with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) at room temperature (OH: NCO ratios: 1: 0. 8, 1: 1 and 1: 1. 2) to form TechCNSL-F-PU. The characteristic properties of the coatings were influenced as a function of free –, OH and –, NCO groups that is influenced by the composition of TechCNSL used. The high coating resistance (Rc) and change in solution resistance (Rs) values along with lower coating capacitance (Cc) values supporting sufficient protection ability and compactness to the metallic substrate was determined by non-destructive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. Structural and progress of the reaction was evaluated by ATR/FTIR, whereas XRD revealed the amorphous nature of the hydrophobic films/coatings with a contact angle of 100°,for TechCNSL-F-PU1: 1. The variation in thermal stability with TDI concentration and glass transition (Tg) temperature was based on the degree of cross-linking density of the systems. The degree of cross-linking was calculated through estimation of gel content, which varied from 96 to 98% based on the concentration of TDI with thermal stability by max 265 °, C. TechCNSL-F-PU1: 1 shows excellent films/coatings adhesion, anticorrosion performance, chemical and mechanical resistance in the various chemical environment (water, 3. 5% of HCl, NaCl and NaOH) and showed the best performance. These thermally stable and mechanically robust PU films/coatings can be projected for the corrosion protective applications.

In this study an attempt has been made to disinfect total coliform bacteria present in Falaj water using solar water DISINFECTION (SODIS) technology. SODIS experiments were conducted in winter (February 2018) and summer (May 2018) using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles (less, thin and thick plastic PETs) and the glass ones of different capacities (0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 L). The results showed that total coliform DISINFECTION rate in May was two folds greater than that in February. Water depth or volume of sample in the bottle had significant effect on the efficiency of SODIS. Highest DISINFECTION rate was found on the samples collected from water depth of 6 cm (0. 5 L), while the lowest was observed on samples of 8 cm in depth (1. 5 L). No significant difference was observed in disinfecting total coliform between glass and less plastic PET bottle for shorter exposure periods (1 h). Results of this research have proved SODIS as an appropriate household water treatment and safe storage for disinfecting Falaj water in Oman. This study is a step forward in Oman to employ solar energy in the water and wastewater treatments.